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In mathematics (specifically multivariable calculus ), a multiple integral is a definite integral of a function of several real variables, for instance, f(x, y) or f(x, y, z) . Integrals of a function of two variables over a region in (the real-number plane) are called double integrals, and integrals of a function of three variables over a ...
e. In analysis, numerical integration comprises a broad family of algorithms for calculating the numerical value of a definite integral . The term numerical quadrature (often abbreviated to quadrature) is more or less a synonym for "numerical integration", especially as applied to one-dimensional integrals.
(), where (2n − 1)!! is the double factorial of (2n − 1), which is the product of all odd numbers up to (2n − 1). This series diverges for every finite x , and its meaning as asymptotic expansion is that for any integer N ≥ 1 one has erfc x = e − x 2 x π ∑ n = 0 N − 1 ( − 1 ) n ( 2 n − 1 ) ! !
Calculus. In calculus, integration by substitution, also known as u-substitution, reverse chain rule or change of variables, [ 1] is a method for evaluating integrals and antiderivatives. It is the counterpart to the chain rule for differentiation, and can loosely be thought of as using the chain rule "backwards."
Fubini's theorem. In mathematical analysis, the Fubini theorem gives the conditions under which it is possible to compute a double integral by using an iterated integral. It was introduced by Guido Fubini in 1907. It states that if a function is Lebesgue integrable on a rectangle , then one can evaluate the double integral as an iterated ...
Definitions. For real non-zero values of x, the exponential integral Ei ( x) is defined as. The Risch algorithm shows that Ei is not an elementary function. The definition above can be used for positive values of x, but the integral has to be understood in terms of the Cauchy principal value due to the singularity of the integrand at zero. For ...
Gaussian integral. A graph of the function and the area between it and the -axis, (i.e. the entire real line) which is equal to . The Gaussian integral, also known as the Euler–Poisson integral, is the integral of the Gaussian function over the entire real line. Named after the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss, the integral is.
v. t. e. In calculus, interchange of the order of integration is a methodology that transforms iterated integrals (or multiple integrals through the use of Fubini's theorem) of functions into other, hopefully simpler, integrals by changing the order in which the integrations are performed. In some cases, the order of integration can be validly ...