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Thane (/ ˈ θ eɪ n /; Scottish Gaelic: taidhn) was the title given to a local royal official in medieval eastern Scotland, equivalent in rank to the son of an earl, who was at the head of an administrative and socio-economic unit known as a thanedom or thanage.
Ivory seal of Godwin, an unknown thegn – first half of eleventh century, British Museum. In later Anglo-Saxon England, a thegn ( pronounced / θeɪn /; Old English: þeġn) or thane [1] (or thayn in Shakespearean English) was an aristocrat who owned substantial land in one or more counties. Thanes ranked at the third level in lay society ...
The Dictionary of the Scots Language (DSL) ( Scots: Dictionar o the Scots Leid, Scottish Gaelic: Faclair de Chànan na Albais) is an online Scots – English dictionary run by Dictionaries of the Scots Language. Freely available via the Internet, the work comprises the two major dictionaries of the Scots language: [1]
Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue. The Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue (DOST) is a 12-volume dictionary that documents the history of the Scots language covering Older Scots from the earliest written evidence in the 12th century until the year 1700. DOST was compiled over a period of some eighty years, from 1931 to 2002.
The Scottish National Dictionary ( SND) was published by the Scottish National Dictionary Association (SNDA) from 1931 to 1976 and documents the Modern (Lowland) Scots language. The original editor, William Grant, was the driving force behind the collection of Scots vocabulary. [1] [2] A wide range of sources were used by the editorial team in ...
Toísech. A toísech or toísech clainne was the head of a local kin-group in medieval Scotland. [1] The word, meaning "first" or "leader" in Scottish Gaelic, [2] is first attested in the property records written into the Book of Deer some time between the 1130s and the 1150s. [3]
Thanage. A thanage was an area of land held by a thegn in Anglo-Saxon England . Thanage can also denote the rank held by such a thegn . In medieval Scotland David I, an Anglophile, introduced "thanes" to replace the Gaelic " tòiseach ". Therefore Scottish thanage denotes the land and duties held and undertaken by the thanes.
These texts give additional understanding on high medieval Scottish society, so long as inferences are kept conservative. The legal tract that has come down to us as the Laws of Brets and Scots, lists five grades of man: King, mormaer/earl, toísech/thane, ócthigern and serf. For pre-twelfth century Scotland, slaves are added to this category.