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Definition. Given a simply connected and open subset D of and two functions I and J which are continuous on D, an implicit first-order ordinary differential equation of the form. is called an exact differential equation if there exists a continuously differentiable function F, called the potential function, [ 1][ 2] so that.
Schematic geometric solutions of the mathematical Thomson Problem for up to N = 5 electrons. Mathematically exact minimum energy configurations have been rigorously identified in only a handful of cases. For N = 1, the solution is trivial. The single electron may reside at any point on the surface of the unit sphere.
The original problem is in the whole space , which needs extra conditions on the growth behavior of the initial condition and the solutions. In order to rule out the problems at infinity, the Navier–Stokes equations can be set in a periodic framework, which implies that they are no longer working on the whole space but in the 3-dimensional ...
The problem may be solved using simple addition. With 64 squares on a chessboard, if the number of grains doubles on successive squares, then the sum of grains on all 64 squares is: 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ... and so forth for the 64 squares. The total number of grains can be shown to be 2 64 −1 or 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 (eighteen quintillion ...
Even the fundamental questions of existence, uniqueness, and extendability of solutions for nonlinear differential equations, and well-posedness of initial and boundary value problems for nonlinear PDEs are hard problems and their resolution in special cases is considered to be a significant advance in the mathematical theory (cf. Navier ...
Problems 1, 2, 5, 6, [g] 9, 11, 12, 15, 21, and 22 have solutions that have partial acceptance, but there exists some controversy as to whether they resolve the problems. That leaves 8 (the Riemann hypothesis ), 13 and 16 [ h ] unresolved, and 4 and 23 as too vague to ever be described as solved.
Riemann problem. A Riemann problem, named after Bernhard Riemann, is a specific initial value problem composed of a conservation equation together with piecewise constant initial data which has a single discontinuity in the domain of interest. The Riemann problem is very useful for the understanding of equations like Euler conservation ...
e. The Millennium Prize Problems are seven well-known complex mathematical problems selected by the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2000. The Clay Institute has pledged a US$ 1 million prize for the first correct solution to each problem. The Clay Mathematics Institute officially designated the title Millennium Problem for the seven unsolved ...