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  2. Octal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octal

    Octal ( base 8) is a numeral system with eight as the base . In the decimal system, each place is a power of ten. For example: In the octal system, each place is a power of eight. For example: By performing the calculation above in the familiar decimal system, we see why 112 in octal is equal to in decimal.

  3. Modular arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic

    Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...

  4. Floating-point arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic

    In computing, floating-point arithmetic ( FP) is arithmetic that represents subsets of real numbers using an integer with a fixed precision, called the significand, scaled by an integer exponent of a fixed base. Numbers of this form are called floating-point numbers. [ 1]: 3 [ 2]: 10 For example, 12.345 is a floating-point number in base ten ...

  5. Order of operations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations

    Order of operations. In mathematicsand computer programming, the order of operationsis a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which operations to perform first in order to evaluate a given mathematical expression. These rules are formalized with a ranking of the operations. The rank of an operation is called its precedence, and an ...

  6. Arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic

    Arithmetic is an elementary branch of mathematics that studies numerical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In a wider sense, it also includes exponentiation, extraction of roots, and taking logarithms . Arithmetic systems can be distinguished based on the type of numbers they operate on.

  7. Method of complements - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_complements

    The smaller numbers, for use when subtracting, are the nines' complement of the larger numbers, which are used when adding. In mathematics and computing, the method of complements is a technique to encode a symmetric range of positive and negative integers in a way that they can use the same algorithm (or mechanism) for addition throughout the ...

  8. Mechanical calculator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_calculator

    The mechanical calculator industry started in 1851 Thomas de Colmar released his simplified Arithmomètre, which was the first machine that could be used daily in an office environment. For 40 years, [ 58] the arithmometer was the only mechanical calculator available for sale and was sold all over the world.

  9. Operation (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_(mathematics)

    Operation (mathematics) In mathematics, an operation is a function which takes zero or more input values (also called "operands" or "arguments") to a well-defined output value. The number of operands is the arity of the operation. The most commonly studied operations are binary operations (i.e., operations of arity 2), such as addition and ...

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