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The Belmont Report summarizes ethical principles and guidelines for human subject research. Three core principles are identified: respect for persons, Beneficence, and Justice. The three primary areas of application were stated as informed consent, assessment of risks and benefits, and selection of human subjects in research .
Example of informed consent document from the PARAMOUNT trial. Informed consent is a principle in medical ethics, medical law and media studies, that a patient must have sufficient information and understanding before making decisions about their medical care. Pertinent information may include risks and benefits of treatments, alternative ...
The Common Rule is a 1991 rule of ethics in the United States regarding biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects. A significant revision became effective July 2018. [1] It governed Institutional Review Boards for oversight of human research and followed the 1975 revision of the Declaration of Helsinki; it is encapsulated in ...
The Declaration of Helsinki ( DoH, Finnish: Helsingin julistus) is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed originally in 1964 for the medical community by the World Medical Association (WMA). [1] It is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics. [1] [2] [3] [4]
The Nuremberg Code ( German: Nürnberger Kodex) is a set of ethical research principles for human experimentation created by the court in U.S. v Brandt, one of the Subsequent Nuremberg trials that were held after the Second World War . Though it was articulated as part of the court's verdict in the trial, the Code would later become significant ...
The American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (for short, the Ethics Code, as referred to by the APA) includes an introduction, preamble, a list of five aspirational principles and a list of ten enforceable standards that psychologists use to guide ethical decisions in practice, research, and education.
An institutional review board ( IRB ), also known as an independent ethics committee ( IEC ), ethical review board ( ERB ), or research ethics board ( REB ), is a committee at an institution that applies research ethics by reviewing the methods proposed for research involving human subjects, to ensure that the projects are ethical.
Respect for persons. Respect for persons is the concept that all people deserve the right to fully exercise their autonomy. Showing respect for persons is a system for interaction in which one entity ensures that another has agency to be able to make a choice . This concept is usually discussed in the context of research ethics.