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The history of science and technology ( HST) is a field of history that examines the understanding of the natural world (science) and the ability to manipulate it ( technology) at different points in time. This academic discipline also studies the cultural, economic, and political impacts of and contexts for scientific practices.
The history of technology is the history of the invention of tools and techniques by humans. Technology includes methods ranging from simple stone tools to the complex genetic engineering and information technology that has emerged since the 1980s. The term technology comes from the Greek word techne, meaning art and craft, and the word logos ...
The history of science covers the development of science from ancient times to the present. It encompasses all three major branches of science: natural, social, and formal. [ 1] Protoscience, early sciences, and natural philosophies such as alchemy and astrology during the Bronze Age, Iron Age, classical antiquity, and the Middle Ages declined ...
The Lower Paleolithic period lasted over 3 million years, during which there many human-like species evolved including toward the end of this period, Homo sapiens.The original divergence between humans and chimpanzees occurred 13 (), however interbreeding continued until as recently as 4 Ma, with the first species clearly belonging to the human (and not chimpanzee) lineage being ...
v. t. e. Technology is the application of conceptual knowledge to achieve practical goals, especially in a reproducible way. [ 1 ] The word technology can also mean the products resulting from such efforts, [ 2 ][ 3 ] including both tangible tools such as utensils or machines, and intangible ones such as software.
A communications artifact (Rugby Aerial Tuning Inductor) at the Science Museum, London, UK . Science and technology studies (STS) or science, technology, and society is an interdisciplinary field that examines the creation, development, and consequences of science and technology in their historical, cultural, and social contexts.
The history of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent dates back to the earliest civilizations of the world. The Indus Valley civilization yields evidence of mathematics , hydrography , metrology , metallurgy , astronomy , medicine , surgery , civil engineering and sewage collection and disposal being practiced by its inhabitants.
The history of science during the Age of Enlightenment traces developments in science and technology during the Age of Reason, when Enlightenment ideas and ideals were being disseminated across Europe and North America. Generally, the period spans from the final days of the 16th- and 17th-century Scientific Revolution until roughly the 19th ...