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An effective atomic number in this context is equivalent to the atomic number but is used for compounds (e.g. water) and mixtures of different materials (such as tissue and bone ). This is of most interest in terms of radiation interaction with composite materials. For bulk interaction properties, it can be useful to define an effective atomic ...
Description. The effective atomic number Z eff, (sometimes referred to as the effective nuclear charge) of an atom is the number of protons that an electron in the element effectively 'sees' due to screening by inner-shell electrons. It is a measure of the electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged electrons and positively charged ...
The MSE either assesses the quality of a predictor (i.e., a function mapping arbitrary inputs to a sample of values of some random variable), or of an estimator (i.e., a mathematical function mapping a sample of data to an estimate of a parameter of the population from which the data is sampled).
To calculate the check digit, take the remainder of (53 / 10), which is also known as (53 modulo 10), and if not 0, subtract from 10. Therefore, the check digit value is 7. i.e. (53 / 10) = 5 remainder 3; 10 - 3 = 7. Another example: to calculate the check digit for the following food item "01010101010x". Add the odd number digits: 0+0+0+0+0+0 = 0.
Effective atomic number, denoted by Zeff, may refer to: Effective nuclear charge of an individual atom, as felt by electrons within that atom. Effective atomic number (compounds and mixtures) of a composite material. Category: Disambiguation pages.
Mean free path. In physics, mean free path is the average distance over which a moving particle (such as an atom, a molecule, or a photon) travels before substantially changing its direction or energy (or, in a specific context, other properties), typically as a result of one or more successive collisions with other particles.
The 18-electron rule is a chemical rule of thumb used primarily for predicting and rationalizing formulas for stable transition metal complexes, especially organometallic compounds. [1] The rule is based on the fact that the valence orbitals in the electron configuration of transition metals consist of five ( n −1)d orbitals, one n s orbital ...
The geometric mean can be understood in terms of geometry. The geometric mean of two numbers, and , is the length of one side of a square whose area is equal to the area of a rectangle with sides of lengths and . Similarly, the geometric mean of three numbers, , , and , is the length of one edge of a cube whose volume is the same as that of a ...