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  2. Electron transport chain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chain

    An electron transport chain ( ETC[ 1]) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules which transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H + ions) across a membrane.

  3. Electrochemical gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_gradient

    Electrochemical gradient. Diagram of ion concentrations and charge across a semi-permeable cellular membrane. An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two parts: The chemical gradient, or difference in solute concentration across a membrane.

  4. Chemiosmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiosmosis

    Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient. An important example is the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H +) across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis . An ion gradient has potential energy and can be ...

  5. Electric vehicle supply chain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle_supply_chain

    High cobalt amounts accumulate in the rest of the food chain, reaching land and air animals. Effects of excess cobalt include lower animal weight gain and a higher birth mortality. [19] Electric vehicles require more semiconductors than internal combustion engines (ICEs). Taiwan is the world's largest producer of semiconductors. [9]

  6. Oxidative phosphorylation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation

    Oxidative phosphorylation is made up of two closely connected components: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain in the cell is the site of oxidative phosphorylation. The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized, releasing the energy of O 2 to power the ATP synthase.

  7. Electron acceptor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_acceptor

    Paraquat, the dication on the left, functions as an electron acceptor, disrupting respiration in plants. In biology, a terminal electron acceptor often refers to either the last compound to receive an electron in an electron transport chain, such as oxygen during cellular respiration, or the last cofactor to receive an electron within the electron transfer domain of a reaction center during ...

  8. Charge transport mechanisms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_transport_mechanisms

    While in atomic solids transport is intra -molecular, also known as band transport, in molecular solids the transport is inter -molecular, also known as hopping transport. The two different mechanisms result in different charge mobilities . In disordered solids, disordered potentials result in weak localization effects (traps), which reduce the ...

  9. Charge density wave - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_density_wave

    Charge density wave. A charge density wave (CDW) is an ordered quantum fluid of electrons in a linear chain compound or layered crystal. The electrons within a CDW form a standing wave pattern and sometimes collectively carry an electric current. The electrons in such a CDW, like those in a superconductor, can flow through a linear chain ...

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