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Benzodiazepines (lorazepam challenge), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) [ 1] Catatonia is a complex neuropsychiatric behavioral syndrome that is characterized by abnormal movements, immobility, abnormal behaviors, and withdrawal. [ 2][ 3] The onset of catatonia can be acute or subtle and symptoms can wax, wane, or change during episodes.
Stupor. A patient in catatonic stupor. Specialty. Neurology, Psychiatry. Stupor is the lack of critical mental function and a level of consciousness, in which an affected person is almost entirely unresponsive and responds only to intense stimuli such as pain. [ 1] The word derives from the Latin stupor ("numbness, insensibility").
In contrast, stimulants, or "uppers", increase mental alertness, making stimulants the opposite drug class from depressants. Antidepressants are defined by their effect on mood, not on general brain activity, so they form an orthogonal category of drugs. Depressants are closely related to sedatives as a category of drugs, with significant ...
Clouding of consciousness. Clouding of consciousness, also called brain fog or mental fog, [1] [2] occurs when a person is slightly less wakeful or aware than normal. [3] They are less aware of time and their surroundings, and find it difficult to pay attention. [3] People describe this subjective sensation as their mind being "foggy".
Coma. A coma is a deep state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound, lacks a normal wake-sleep cycle and does not initiate voluntary actions. [1] The person may experience respiratory and circulatory problems due to the body's inability to maintain normal ...
Waxy flexibility is a specific symptom of catatonia. It refers to the patient's body showing resistance to being moved. Alteration of an individual's posture is similar to bending a warm candle. [ 5] Waxy flexibility often develops with other symptoms of catatonia, including: Immobility: showing no signs of motion [ 6]
This explains the fatigue, muscle weakness, low tone and sluggish reflexes in muscle groups. The sluggish nerves also explain drowsiness, confusion, hallucinations, stupor or coma. In the gut this causes constipation. Hypocalcaemia causes the opposite by the same mechanism. [8]
The mental status examination is a core skill of qualified (mental) health personnel. It is a key part of the initial psychiatric assessment in an outpatient or psychiatric hospital setting. It is a systematic collection of data based on observation of the patient's behavior while the patient is in the clinician's view during the interview.