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Palimpsest. The Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, a Greek manuscript of the Bible from the 5th century, is a palimpsest. In textual studies, a palimpsest ( / ˈpælɪmpsɛst /) is a manuscript page, either from a scroll or a book, from which the text has been scraped or washed off in preparation for reuse [ 1] in the form of another document. [ 2]
— Brahma Sutra 1.1.1–1.1.5 Some examples of sutra texts in various schools of Hindu philosophy include Brahma Sutras (or Vedanta Sutra) – a Sanskrit text, composed by Badarayana, likely sometime between 200 BCE to 200 CE. The text contains 555 sutras in four chapters that summarize the philosophical and spiritual ideas in the Upanishads. It is one of the foundational texts of the ...
e. Hindi literature ( Hindi: हिन्दी साहित्य, hindī sāhitya) includes literature in the various Hindi languages which have different writing systems. Earliest forms of Hindi literature are attested in poetry of Apabhraṃśa like Awadhi, and Marwari languages. Hindi literature is composed in three broad styles ...
Āstika ( Sanskrit: आस्तिक; IAST: Āstika) and Nāstika ( Sanskrit: नास्तिक; IAST: Nāstika) are concepts that have been used to classify the schools of Indian philosophy by modern scholars, as well as some Hindu, Buddhist and Jain texts. [ 1][ 2][ 4] The various definitions for āstika and nāstika philosophies have ...
Vishishta Advaita, meaning "non-duality with distinctions", is a non-dualistic philosophy that recognizes Brahman as the supreme reality while also acknowledging its multiplicity. This philosophy can be characterized as a form of qualified monism, attributive monism, or qualified non-dualism. It upholds the belief that all diversity ultimately ...
Socratic questioning. "The unexamined life is not worth living". Socrates ( / ˈsɒkrətiːz /; [ 2] Greek: Σωκράτης; c. 470 – 399 BC) was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as the founder of Western philosophy and as among the first moral philosophers of the ethical tradition of thought. An enigmatic figure, Socrates ...
Vaisheshika ( IAST: Vaiśeṣika; / vaɪˈʃɛʃɪkə /; Sanskrit: वैशेषिक) is one of the six schools of Hindu philosophy from ancient India. In its early stages, the Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and soteriology. [ 1] Over time, the Vaiśeṣika system became ...
The major contemporary positions of meaning come under the following partial definitions of meaning: psychological theories, involving notions of thought, intention, or understanding; logical theories, involving notions such as intension, cognitive content, or sense, along with extension, reference, or denotation; message, content, information ...