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Xylazine is a common veterinary drug used for sedation, anesthesia, muscle relaxation, and analgesia in animals such as horses, cattle, and other mammals. [ 2] In veterinary anesthesia, it is often used in combination with ketamine. Veterinarians also use xylazine as an emetic, especially in cats. [ 4]
The LD 50 of nicotine is 50 mg/kg for rats and 3 mg/kg for mice. 0.5–1.0 mg/kg can be a lethal dosage for adult humans, and 0.1 mg/kg for children. [19] [20] However the widely used human LD 50 estimate of 0.5–1.0 mg/kg was questioned in a 2013 review, in light of several documented cases of humans surviving much higher doses; the 2013 review suggests that the lower limit causing fatal ...
The cytotoxicity of e-liquids varies, [76] and contamination with various chemicals have been detected in the liquid. [77] E-cigarette vapor potentially contains harmful chemicals which are not found in tobacco smoke. [78] Studies over a year on the effects of exposure to e-cigarettes have not been conducted, as of 2019. [79]
Stage 3 (24 to 72 hours) kidney failure is the result of ethylene glycol poisoning. In cats, this stage occurs 12–24 hours after consuming antifreeze; in dogs, at 36–72 hours after consuming antifreeze. [9] During this stage, severe kidney failure is developing secondary to calcium oxalate crystals forming in the kidneys. [9]
For heartworm prevention, the typical dose is relatively low, at 0.0015 – 0.003 mg per pound of body weight, administered orally once a month. For the treatment of mange, doses can be higher and ...
Nicotine dependence[ notes 1] is a state of dependence upon nicotine. [ 1] Nicotine dependence is a chronic, relapsing disease defined as a compulsive craving to use the drug, despite social consequences, loss of control over drug intake, and emergence of withdrawal symptoms. [ 5] Tolerance is another component of drug dependence. [ 6]
Vaping-associated pulmonary injury ( VAPI ), [ 4] also known as vaping-associated lung injury ( VALI) [ 1] or e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury ( E/VALI ), [ 2][ a] is an umbrella term, [ 15][ 16] used to describe lung diseases associated with the use of vaping products that can be severe and life-threatening. [ 3]
Vaporizer (inhalation device) A vaporizer or vaporiser, colloquially known as a vape, is a device used to vaporize substances for inhalation. Plant substances can be used, commonly cannabis, tobacco, or other herbs or blends of essential oil. [ 1 ] However, they are most commonly filled with a combination propylene glycol, glycerin, and drugs ...